#ifndef MANAGED_STRING_H
#define MANAGED_STRING_H

#include "mbed.h"

/**
  * Class definition for a ManagedString.
  *
  * Uses basic reference counting to implement a copy-assignable, immutable string.
  * This maps closely to the constructs found in many high level application languages,
  * such as Touch Develop.
  *
  * Written from first principles here, for several reasons:
  * 1) std::shared_ptr is not yet availiable on the ARMCC compiler
  * 2) to reduce memory footprint - we don't need many of the other features in the std library
  * 3) it makes an interestin case study for anyone interested in seeing how it works!
  */
class ManagedString
{
    // Internally we record the string as a char *, but control access to this to proide immutability
    // and reference counting.
    char *data;
    int16_t *ref;
    int16_t len;

    public:

    /**
      * Constructor. 
      * Create a managed string from a pointer to an 8-bit character buffer.
      * The buffer is copied to ensure sage memory management (the supplied
      * character buffer may be decalred on the stack for instance).
      *
      * @param str The character array on which to base the new ManagedString.
      * 
      * Example:
      * @code 
      * ManagedString s("abcdefg");
      * @endcode
      */    
    ManagedString(const char *str);

    /**
      * Constructor. 
      * Create a managed string from a given integer.
      *
      * @param value The integer from which to create the ManagedString
      * 
      * Example:
      * @code 
      * ManagedString s(20);
      * @endcode
      */    
    ManagedString(const int value);

    
    /**
      * Constructor. 
      * Create a managed string from a given char.
      *
      * @param value The char from which to create the ManagedString
      * 
      * Example:
      * @code 
      * ManagedString s('a');
      * @endcode
      */      
    ManagedString(const char value);
    
    /**
      * Constructor. 
      * Create a managed string from a pointer to an 8-bit character buffer of a given length.
      * The buffer is copied to ensure sane memory management (the supplied
      * character buffer may be declared on the stack for instance).
      *
      * @param str The character array on which to base the new ManagedString.
      * @param length The length of the character array
      *
      * Example:
      * @code 
      * ManagedString s("abcdefg",7); // this is generally used for substring... why not use a normal char * constructor?
      * @endcode
      */    
    ManagedString(const char *str, const int16_t length);

    /**
      * Copy constructor. 
      * Makes a new ManagedString identical to the one supplied. 
      * Shares the character buffer and reference count with the supplied ManagedString.
      *
      * @param s The ManagedString to copy.
      * 
      * Example:
      * @code 
      * ManagedString s("abcdefg");
      * ManagedString p(s);
      * @endcode
      */
    ManagedString(const ManagedString &s);
    
    /**
      * Default constructor. 
      *
      * Create an empty ManagedString. 
      *
      * Example:
      * @code 
      * ManagedString s();
      * @endcode
      */
    ManagedString();
    
    /**
      * Destructor. 
      *
      * Free this ManagedString, and decrement the reference count to the
      * internal character buffer. If we're holding the last reference,
      * also free the character buffer and reference counter.
      */
    ~ManagedString();
    
    /**
      * Copy assign operation. 
      *
      * Called when one ManagedString is assigned the value of another.
      * If the ManagedString being assigned is already refering to a character buffer,
      * decrement the reference count and free up the buffer as necessary.
      * Then, update our character buffer to refer to that of the supplied ManagedString,
      * and increase its reference count.
      *
      * @param s The ManagedString to copy.
      *
      * Example:
      * @code 
      * ManagedString s("abcd");
      * ManagedString p("efgh");
      * p = s   // p now points to s, s' ref is incremented 
      * @endcode
      */
    ManagedString& operator = (const ManagedString& s);
    
    /**
      * Equality operation.
      *
      * Called when one ManagedString is tested to be equal to another using the '==' operator.
      *
      * @param s The ManagedString to test ourselves against.
      * @return true if this ManagedString is identical to the one supplied, false otherwise.
      *
      * Example:
      * @code 
      * ManagedString s("abcd");
      * ManagedString p("efgh");
      * 
      * if(p==s)
      *     print("We are the same!");
      * else
      *     print("We are different!"); //p is not equal to s - this will be called
      * @endcode
      */
    bool operator== (const ManagedString& s);

    /**
      * Inequality operation.
      *
      * Called when one ManagedString is tested to be less than another using the '<' operator.
      *
      * @param s The ManagedString to test ourselves against.
      * @return true if this ManagedString is alphabetically less than to the one supplied, false otherwise.
      *
      * Example:
      * @code 
      * ManagedString s("a");
      * ManagedString p("b");
      * 
      * if(s<p)
      *     print("a is before b!"); //a is before b
      * else
      *     print("b is before a!"); 
      * @endcode
      */
    bool operator< (const ManagedString& s);

    /**
      * Inequality operation.
      *
      * Called when one ManagedString is tested to be greater than another using the '>' operator.
      *
      * @param s The ManagedString to test ourselves against.
      * @return true if this ManagedString is alphabetically greater than to the one supplied, false otherwise.
      *
      * Example:
      * @code 
      * ManagedString s("a");
      * ManagedString p("b");
      * 
      * if(p>a)
      *     print("b is after a!"); //b is after a
      * else
      *     print("a is after b!"); 
      * @endcode
      */
    bool operator> (const ManagedString& s);

    /**
      * Extracts a ManagedString from this string, at the position provided.
      *
      * @param start The index of the first character to extract, indexed from zero.
      * @param length The number of characters to extract from the start position
      * @return a ManagedString representing the requested substring.
      *
      * Example:
      * @code 
      * ManagedString s("abcdefg");
      *
      * print(s.substring(0,2)) // prints "ab"
      * @endcode
      */    
    ManagedString substring(int16_t start, int16_t length);
    
    /**
      * Concatenates this string with the one provided.
      *
      * @param s The ManagedString to concatenate.
      * @return a new ManagedString representing the joined strings.
      *
      * Example:
      * @code 
      * ManagedString s("abcd");
      * ManagedString p("efgh")
      *
      * print(s + p) // prints "abcdefgh"
      * @endcode
      */    
    ManagedString operator+ (ManagedString& s);

    /**
      * Provides a character value at a given position in the string, indexed from zero.
      *
      * @param index The position of the character to return.
      * @return the character at posisiton index, zero if index is invalid.
      *
      * Example:
      * @code 
      * ManagedString s("abcd");
      *
      * print(s.charAt(1)) // prints "b"
      * @endcode
      */    
    char charAt(int16_t index);


    /**
      * Provides an immutable 8 bit wide haracter buffer representing this string.
      *
      * @return a pointer to the character buffer.
      */    
    const char *toCharArray();
    
    /**
      * Determines the length of this ManagedString in characters.
      *
      * @return the length of the string in characters.
      *
      * Example:
      * @code 
      * ManagedString s("abcd");
      *
      * print(s.length()) // prints "4"
      * @endcode
      */ 
    int16_t length();

    /**
      * Empty String constant
      */    
    static ManagedString EmptyString;

    private:

    /**
    * Internal constructor helper.
    * Configures this ManagedString to refer to the static EmptyString
    */
    void initEmpty();

    /**
    * Internal constructor helper.
    * creates this ManagedString based on a given null terminated char array.
    */
    void initString(const char *str);

    /**
    * Private Constructor. 
    * Create a managed string based on a concat of two strings.
    * The buffer is copied to ensure sane memory management (the supplied
    * character buffer may be decalred on the stack for instance).
    *
    * @param str1 The first string on which to base the new ManagedString
    * @param str2 The second string on which to base the new ManagedString
    */    
    ManagedString(const ManagedString &s1, const ManagedString &s2);

};

#endif